Helicobacter pylori in gastrointestinal disorders Essay

Helicobacter pylori in gastrointestinal disorders - Essay Example pylori is the production of urease (Graham & Sung, 2006). H.pylori infection is typically acquired in childhood, and affects children by the age of 10-years in developing countries (Graham & Sung, 2006). In developed countries, an age-related increase in prevalence of the disease is seen (Graham & Sung, 2006). Humans are the primary reservoir of infection and the primary mode of transmission is person to person (Graham & Sung, 2006). Oral-to-oral transmission is supported by the finding of H. pylori in dental plaque and saliva by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while fecal-to-oral transmission is supported by the finding of H. pylori in stool by culture and PCR (Graham & Sung, 2006). Gastro-oral transmission is also possible but more evidence is needed (Graham & Sung, 2006). The ability of H. pylori to colonize and damage gastric mucosal cells is determined by the immune gene polymorphisms of the host and the gastric acid secretion (Kusters, van Vliet, Kuipers, 2006). In addition, bacterial virulence factors like the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein (CagA) and the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) help in the colonization (Kusters, van Vliet, Kuipers, 2006) and also triggers the host inflammatory response by activating the nuclear factor kappaB-dependent gene transcription (Zarrilli, Ricci, Romano, 1999). â€Å"Urease and/or motility of the bacterium, presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and various bacterial enzymes† are also known to affect the colonization (Lee, 2005.) The healing of the gastric mucosa is also impaired â€Å"through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent signal transduction pathways and induction of apoptosis† (Zarrilli, Ricci, Romano, 1999). H. pylori infection also may lead to the progression from chronic gastritis to gastric adenocarcinoma (Zarrilli, Ricci, Romano, 1999). The â€Å"cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), which encodes the type IV secretion

Why banning the use of cell phones while driving should be mandatory Essay - 1

Why banning the use of cell phones while driving should be mandatory nationwide - Essay Example Lawmakers should ban cell phone use while driving because a human life is more important than a simple phone call. Even if a driver is using a phone for something important, such as work, they are still putting others at risk. Another persons life is more important than a phone call and there really can be no comparison between the two. Second, driving and talking on the phone should be outlawed because most phone calls are not emergencies. A person would not talk on the phone while in a business meeting, so why should they when they are driving? Discounting work or emergency calls, most calls are either personal or social. If a call is not the matter of a life or death situation then it can wait until the driver can safely stop their vehicle. Finally, drivers need their full attention on the road, so by law they should not be able to use a cell phone while driving. Drivers are required to sit license tests before being able to drive, so this proves that driver have to be skilful. Talking on the phone takes away from these skills. Also, it is just common sense not to talk on the phone while driving, the same way that people would think it is silly to drive and read a book at the same time. To sum up, drivers should not be allowed to use cell phones for all of the reasons listed previously. Not only is a human life more important than a phone call, but also the majority of phone calls are not emergencies and drivers need to be fully focused on the road ahead of